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高考英語語法動(dòng)詞講解
以下是小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的高考英語語法動(dòng)詞講解，歡迎閱讀。
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
【考點(diǎn)分析】
1.對(duì)下列十種時(shí)態(tài)的考查：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)
2.既考查時(shí)態(tài)又考查語態(tài);
3.考查動(dòng)詞的及物與不及物;
4.考查主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義;
5.考查動(dòng)詞詞組在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的介詞問題;
6.對(duì)被動(dòng)語態(tài)習(xí)慣句型的考查。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】
I.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式
主動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)
do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
is/am/are doingwas/were doing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)
has/have donehad done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
has/have been doinghad been doing
一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do
was/were going to do
was/were(about)to do
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)
is/am/are donewas/were done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
is/am/are being donewas/were being done
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)
has/have been donehad been done
一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to be done
II.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
�、僖话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;
②主句是一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來;
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
�、墼谝詇ere,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;
There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。
注意：近幾年，對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
雖然航海發(fā)生在過去，但是，海洋的名稱不會(huì)因此而變化，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
�、俦硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;
②表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。
�、鄞嬉话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。
The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。
�、芘calways, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;
He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人。
She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。
�、荽蠖鄶�(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
常見的有：
▲感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear
▲情感類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear
▲心態(tài)類：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt
▲所有類：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
①表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作;
I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
�、诒硎緩倪^去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語連用;
He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
�、郾硎�“曾經(jīng)到過某地(人已回來)”用“have/has been to”;
表示“到某地去了(還未回來)”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.
④在時(shí)間狀語從句,條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中表達(dá)將來某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.
注意：這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作在主句動(dòng)作之前完成, 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時(shí);試比較：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
She will call you when she gets home.
⑤短暫動(dòng)詞(即瞬間動(dòng)詞)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,
break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說：He has joined the army three years.可采用：
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延續(xù)法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
注意：沒有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時(shí)間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用, 但“in(over) the
past/last+時(shí)間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
①用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動(dòng)作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
�、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
5.一般過去時(shí)
�、俦磉_(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?yàn)?
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
�、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過去的事了)
這一用法考生要特別注意。
注意：參看過去將來時(shí)的用法②。
6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
�、俦硎具^去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示);
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
�、诒硎緞�(dòng)作在另一過去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行;
They were still working when I left.
�、塾迷趦蓚�(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;
I was writing while he was watching TV.
④過去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來動(dòng)作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);
He said she was arriving the next day.
�、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。
(參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法④)
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.
�、捱^去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
7.過去完成時(shí)
�、俦硎驹谶^去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
�、诒硎緞�(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
③過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動(dòng)詞)。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本來想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來)。
注意：
▲過去完成時(shí)必須以過去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過去的過去”。因此只有在和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它;
▲before, after本身表示時(shí)間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
He (had) left before I arrived.
8.一般將來時(shí)
一般將來時(shí)有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記�。�
▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事)
▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)
▲be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時(shí)間連用)
▲be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)
一般將來時(shí)的用法：
�、佻F(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
Tom will come next week.
He will be here tomorrow.
�、谑挛锏墓逃袑傩曰虮厝悔厔�(shì)
Oil will float in water.
Fish will die without water.
③對(duì)將來某個(gè)動(dòng)作的安排、計(jì)劃
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
9.將來完成時(shí)
用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻(前)將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
10.過去將來時(shí)
①過去某一時(shí)刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動(dòng)作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般將來時(shí)中的助動(dòng)詞變成過去式，便成了過去將來時(shí)的表達(dá)形式。
�、诒硎具^去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。
11.要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的固定的句型
�、賥as/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，這時(shí)突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，這時(shí)突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比較確定的時(shí)間狀語，則服從時(shí)間狀語的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
�、躀t is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
⑤Hardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
�、轎t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般說來只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變化為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。
1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的適用范圍
①當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語。
This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。
�、跒榱藦�(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。
�、鄢鲇诓呗�、委婉、禮貌等不提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者
You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說你最近很活躍。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說……
It's reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定
It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……
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