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高考英語考點動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)分析
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動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
【考點分析】
1.對下列十種時態(tài)的考查：
一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般將來時 現(xiàn)在進行時 過去進行時 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 過去完成時 將來完成時 過去將來時
2.既考查時態(tài)又考查語態(tài);
3.考查動詞的及物與不及物;
4.考查主動形式表示被動意義;
5.考查動詞詞組在被動語態(tài)中的介詞問題;
6.對被動語態(tài)習(xí)慣句型的考查。
【知識點歸納】
I.動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式
主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時
do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)
現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時
is/am/are doingwas/were doing
現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時
has/have donehad done
現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行時
has/have been doinghad been doing
一般將來時過去將來時
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do
was/were going to do
was/were(about)to do
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時
is/am/are donewas/were done
現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時
is/am/are being donewas/were being done
現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時
has/have been donehad been done
一般將來時過去將來時
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to be done
II.動詞時態(tài)的用法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時
�、僖话悻F(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;
�、谥骶涫且话銓頃r,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來;
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
③在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作;
There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。
注意：近幾年，對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查常用過去時態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)對考生進行干擾
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
雖然航海發(fā)生在過去，但是，海洋的名稱不會因此而變化，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
2.現(xiàn)在進行時
�、俦硎菊谶M行的動作;
�、诒硎景从媱澃才偶磳l(fā)生的動作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。
�、鄞嬉话悻F(xiàn)在時，描繪更加生動。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。
The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。
④與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強調(diào)動作正在進行;
He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人。
She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。
�、荽蠖鄶�(shù)動詞可用于進行時，但也有些動詞不用于進行時。
常見的有：
▲感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear
▲情感類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear
▲心態(tài)類：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt
▲所有類：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。
3.現(xiàn)在完成時
①表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時已完成的動作;
I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
�、诒硎緩倪^去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用;
He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
③表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地(人已回來)”用“have/has been to”;
表示“到某地去了(還未回來)”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.
�、茉跁r間狀語從句,條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中表達將來某時已經(jīng)完成的動作。
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.
注意：這里的現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)從句動作在主句動作之前完成, 如果兩個動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時;試比較：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
She will call you when she gets home.
�、荻虝簞釉~(即瞬間動詞)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,
break out等，在完成時態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。
要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說：He has joined the army three years.可采用：
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延續(xù)法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
注意：沒有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用, 但“in(over) the
past/last+時間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。
4.現(xiàn)在完成進行時
①用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
�、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進行時的動詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進行時。
5.一般過去時
�、俦磉_特定的過去時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或為;
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
�、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過去的事了)
這一用法考生要特別注意。
注意：參看過去將來時的用法②。
6.過去進行時
�、俦硎具^去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作(這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示);
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
�、诒硎緞幼髟诹硪贿^去動作發(fā)生時進行;
They were still working when I left.
③用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發(fā)生;
I was writing while he was watching TV.
�、苓^去計劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);
He said she was arriving the next day.
�、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。
(參看現(xiàn)在進行時的用法④)
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.
�、捱^去進行時可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
7.過去完成時
①表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
②表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
�、圻^去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動詞)。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本來想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來)。
注意：
▲過去完成時必須以過去某一時刻為基點，即“過去的過去”。因此只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它;
▲before, after本身表示時間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
He (had) left before I arrived.
8.一般將來時
一般將來時有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記住：
▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計劃安排去做某事)
▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)
▲be doing (按計劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時間連用)
▲be about to do (按計劃即將發(fā)生)
一般將來時的用法：
�、佻F(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)
Tom will come next week.
He will be here tomorrow.
②事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢
Oil will float in water.
Fish will die without water.
�、蹖砟硞�動作的安排、計劃
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
9.將來完成時
用來表示在將來某個時刻(前)將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
10.過去將來時
�、龠^去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般將來時中的助動詞變成過去式，便成了過去將來時的表達形式。
②表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。
11.要求一定時態(tài)的固定的句型
�、賥as/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，這時突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
�、趙as/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，這時突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
�、跧t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比較確定的時間狀語，則服從時間狀語的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
④It is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
�、軭ardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被動語態(tài)的用法
被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象，一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動詞的過去分詞"。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時，由"情態(tài)動詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。
1.被動語態(tài)的適用范圍
�、佼�(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。這時不用by短語。
This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。
�、跒榱藦娬{(diào)動作的承受者時
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。
�、鄢鲇诓呗�、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者
You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說你最近很活躍。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說……
It's reported that… 據(jù)報道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定
It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……
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